U-El Capitan wazalwa ngomlilo. Ilitye lenyengane eliziimitha ezingama-3 000 ubude ne-1.5 yeemayile lenyuka lisuka kwi-Yosemite Valley yanamhlanje kumbindi weCalifornia yaqala ukwenza malunga neminyaka engama-220 yezigidi eyadlulayo, xa uMntla Melika wakhokho wangqubana nepleyiti yetectonic engummelwane phantsi koLwandlekazi iPasifiki. Impembelelo ecothayo, yokugaya inyanzelise ipleyiti yePasifiki phantsi kwento ngoku eyiCalifornia, ibasa indawo yokupheka engaphantsi komhlaba eyayinyibilikisa amanqwanqwa amatye anzulu omhlaba abe yimagma eshushu ebomvu.
Ilitye elinyibilikileyo elinyibilikayo lanyuka linyuka linyuke ngomqolo womhlaba kangangeekhilomitha, lenza amathumbu omxokelelwane wamandulo wentaba-mlilo engafaniyo neeAndes zale mihla. Eminye yemagma yagqabhuka, kodwa uninzi lwayo lwahlala phantsi komhlaba, apho lwaye lwaphola ngokuthe ngcembe ngaphezulu kwe-eons ezininzi, ludibanisa igranite. Esinye sezona zinto zinzima zendalo ezaziwa ngumntu, igranite yomelele njengentsimbi, kwaye iphindwe kabini ukomelela njengemabhile.
Indawo yokugcina izinto engaphantsi komhlaba, okanye ibatholith, yayiziimayile ezingama-400 ubude kunye neekhilomitha ezili-100 ububanzi. Apho i-El Capitan ngeyayihleli, ukuba noxinzelelo lwe-tectonic kwiminyaka eli-10 yezigidi eyadlulayo ingakhange ikhokelele kwinkqubo yeziphene ecaleni kwempuma ye-batholith. Ukunyusa ekugqibeleni kwanciphisa i-batholith kumphezulu, apho yayiza kuba yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kwintaba yaseCalifornia yaseSierra Nevada. Intlambo yaseYosemite, kunye no-El Capitan ngakwesobunxele, kusasa. Imifanekiso kaGetty
Kwisithuba samashumi ezigidi zeminyaka, umlambo wokhokho uMerced, ophuma phezulu eSierras, wabumba iYosemite Valley, eshenxisa ilitye elibuthathaka phakathi kwe-El Capitan nomphezulu womhlaba. Njengokuba abakroli beRenaissance bakhulule iifom zabantu kwimarble engaphiliyo, ukhukuliseko lomfanekiso luveze uEl Capitan waseSierra Nevada.
Amagqabantshintshi abeka indawo yokugqibela e-El Capitan ngexesha lokugqibela lomkhenkce, malunga nezigidi ezi-3 zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ubuninzi bomkhenkce ohamba kancinci buwukhukulisile umgangatho wentlambo, ukuseka i-El Capitan epheleleyo yeenyawo ezingama-3,000 ukuphakama ngelixa kuthoba izakhiwo ezikhululekileyo ebusweni bewa, kudala udonga lwayo oludumileyo noluthe nkqo.
Xa ama-glaciers abuyela emva kweminyaka eyi-15,000 eyadlulayo kwaye uEl Capitan wakhululwa kwingcinezelo yomkhenkce, owawunamakhulu aliqela eepawundi nge-intshi kwiindawo, i-monolith yanda. Lo moya we-geologic exhale wadubula iintanda ezincinci kwingxondorha, ethi, njengoko abantu beza kuthi ekugqibeleni bafumanise, yayinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukubonelela ngeendawo zokubambelela kunye neenyawo.
Abantu bokuqala ukujonga i-El Capitan, kunye ne-granite formations ye-Yosemite Valley, yayingama-Ahwahneechee Indians, iqela lesizwe sase-Miwok, esasihlala kwintshona yeSierras amawaka eminyaka emva kokuba umkhenkce uphelile. Bayibiza intlambo eyintabalala Ahwahnee , okanye indawo efana nomlomo ojijayo. Bazingela izilwanyana zasendle, baloba uMlambo iMerced, kwaye bavuna ngaphezulu kwe-100 leentlobo zezityalo ezityiwayo.
Amagama ka-Ahwahneechee ka-El Capitan ahlukahlukene. Kwezinye iingxelo, iliwa labizwa Ukukhahlela-ah-noo-lah , eguqulelwe njenge-Rock Chief. Abanye bebesazi njengokuba Ukuya-kon oo-lah , okanye uSandhill Crane, emva kwenkosi ye-Underworld People of Miwok legend. Abanye babebiza njalo I-tul-tok-a-nu-la , eyavela kwiintsomi malunga nombungu wokulinganisa ( I-tul-tok-a-na ohlangule amakhwenkwe amabini asezantsi eweni.
UJuan Rodriguez Cabrillo, ummi wokuqala waseYurophu owakhangela iCalifornia, wahamba ngenqanawa esuka eMexico ngo-1542. Kodwa kwathatha iinkulungwane ezintathu ngaphezulu kwabamhlophe ukuba bafumane i-El Capitan. IGold Rush yowe-1849 yayirhwebeshele amawaka abantu ababefuna amathamsanqa eSierra Nevada. Emva kokuba uMiwok eqale ukugxotha aba bangeneleli, ilizwe elitsha laseCalifornia laqesha abazingeli abazizityebi kunye namajoni abucala ukuba atshabalalise abemi bomthonyama bommandla. Umkhweli uzama umkhangeli onzima ebusweni buka-El Capitan. Imifanekiso kaGetty
Ngomhla wamashumi amabini ananye kwinyanga yoKwindla ngo-1851, umkhosi wamadoda angama-200 owenzelwe ukubuyisa umhlaba wafikelela kwelokulibala ngeembono zeYosemite Valley. Eli yayilixesha lokuqala umlungu ebeka u-El Capitan. Umkhosi wanyanzela i-Ahwahneechee kubhukisho olusentshona yeentaba. Kungekudala emva koko, abahlali bokuqala bakaYosemite bafumana imvume ekhethekileyo evela kwikhomishini ukuba babuye, kodwa ubomi kwintlambo abuzange bufane, kwaye amanani abo ancipha kungekudala.
Ngo-1855, kwiminyaka emine emva kokufunyanwa kwebutho, uJames Hutchings, intatheli enomdla wephephandaba, wafumana ingxelo yokuhamba kwayo. Enomdla ngamabali eengxangxasi eziphakame kangangeenyawo ezili-1 000 kunye namawa amatye, wahamba kunye nezikhokelo ezimbini zaseIndiya kuhambo lokuhlola lweentsuku ezintlanu. Inqaku lakhe elivelileyo elithetha ngo-'Yo-Semity, 'elapapashwa kwiphephandaba laseMariposa, lachaza' intlambo enye neyothando '' yobungangamsha basendle nobungangamsha. '
Kunyaka olandelayo, abavukuzi ababini abanamabhongo bavula umkhondo wehashe oziikhilomitha ezingama-50 okhokelela kwiYosemite Valley. Ihotele yokuqala yale ntlambo, indawo erustic enemigangatho yomhlaba kwaye kungekho zifestile, zavulwa ngo-1857. Phakathi kwabokuqala abathandekayo baka-El Capitan yayingamagcisa, njengomzobi womhlaba u-Albert Bierstadt, owafika eYosemite ngo-1863. Wabhalela umhlobo wakhe esithi wayewufumene umyezo wase-Eden. Umzobo kaBierstadt Ukujonga ezantsi kwiYosemite Valley , Ebonisa uEl Capitan, wammisela njengomnye wabazobi abaphambili baseMelika.
Nangona kunjalo, kuphela ngamakhulu ambalwa abantu ababebone iYosemite Valley ngokobuqu. Kodwa indawo yayithathe ngokwaneleyo umbono woluntu ukuba uMongameli Abraham Lincoln wasayina umthetho oyilwayo wokudala iYosemite Grant, umhlaba othenjwa ngurhulumente ukugcina uYosemite kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Kwiveki yesibini kaFebruwari ukuba iimeko zilungile, iHorsetail Falls, kwicala elingasempuma ye-El Capitan, likhazimla libomvu ekutshoneni kwelanga. (c) UDon Smith
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, abalondolozi bendalo, bekhokelwa yingcali yendalo kunye nombhali uJohn Muir, baqala ukunyanzela loo ndawo ukuba ibe yipaki yelizwe. Ngo-1903, uMuir wamisa inkampu kangangeentsuku ezininzi noTheodore Roosevelt kwilizwe lakwaYosemite, amava abangela ukuba umongameli atyikitye umthetho osayilwayo kwiminyaka emithathu kamva egqithisela iYosemite Land Grant kurhulumente womanyano.
Ngomnyaka we-1916, i-Yosemite National Park yaphefumlela umfana owayeya kuba ngumnye wezithombe ezithintekayo kwixesha lonke. UAnsel Adams wayeneminyaka eli-14 kuphela xa yena nosapho lwakhe babehamba besuka ekhayeni labo eSan Francisco betyelele ipaki. Emnyango, utata wakhe wamnika isipho esiguqula ubomi: ibhokisi yebhokisi ye-Kodak Brownie. Kule minyaka ingamashumi amathandathu izayo, iifoto ezimnyama-mhlophe zika-Adams zaseMelika eNtshona, ngakumbi uYosemite, zonyusa ukufota kwimo yobugcisa. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu yile El Capitan, Ubusika, ukuphuma kwelanga, Yosemite National Park, California , umzobo wama-20-nge-16-intshi we-El-Capitan egutyungelwe lilifu, emhlophe ikhazimla ngekhephu.
Emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeMfazwe yeHlabathi, ukufumaneka kwemikhosi entsalela yomkhosi engabizi kakhulu kunye nezixhobo zokukhempisha kwabakhuthaza abakhweli beentaba ukuba baqalise ukuphonononga izithambiso ezinde kakhulu zikaYosemite. Kuyo yonke i-1940 kunye ne-50s, abakhweli basebenza benyuka indlela nganye yeYosemite ngokwakha iigonon, i-spikes zentsimbi ezinomngxunya wamehlo kwelinye icala lokuncamathisela intambo, ukunyuka kodonga ngokuhamba kwabo. IYosemite Valley yaba likomkhulu elinyukayo lodonga lwehlabathi. Kodwa udonga lwayo olukhulu, u-El Capitan, kwakucingelwa ukuba akunakulinganiswa nokuphakama nokuma nkqo kwalo. Xa uSir Edmund Hillary noTenzing Norgay beshwankathela iMount Everest ngo-1953, kwakuyiminyaka emihlanu ngaphambi kokuba nabani na aphumelele ukunyuka ubuso begranite monolith. Intlambo yaseYosemite, kunye no-El Capitan ngakwesobunxele, kusasa. UMarco Isler
Ngehlobo lowe-1957, umAmerika owayenesibindi ogama linguWarren Harding waqala umzamo wokuqala wokunyuka i-El Capitan. Wasebenzisa ubuchule bokunyuka intaba obusetyenziswa kwiiHimalaya, elungisa iintambo phakathi kweenkampu ecaleni komqolo omkhulu kaEl Capitan, owawuza kwaziwa njengeMpumlo. Ukunyuka kufuna iqela elincinci lamadoda iintsuku ezingama-45 zomsebenzi, lisasazeka ngaphezu kweenyanga ezili-18, ukudibanisa indlela ebonakalayo, ekugqibeleni ifike phezulu kwimozulu ebandayo ngoNovemba 12, 1958.
Kungekudala, abanye baqala ukucokisa ubuchule beHarding ukukala impumlo ngokukhawuleza nangokufanelekileyo. Ukuqhubela phambili kwezixhobo kunye nokwenza izihlangu ezincamathelisiweyo zerabha kwenza ukuba ukunyuka kube nokwenzeka ngaphezulu kweentaba zeentaba ezinzima zehlabathi. Namhlanje, ukuthumela impumlo kufuna umzamo weentsuku ezintathu ukuya kwezintlanu kubahambi abanamava, nangaphantsi kosuku kubantu abakumgangatho ophezulu behlabathi.
Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane esidlulileyo, abakhweli baye benza iindlela ezongezelelekileyo ukuya e-El Capitan kumacala omabini empumlo. Okwangoku, ukubuyisa ukunyuka kwasekuqaleni kukaHarding kuhlala kungomnye wemiceli mngeni emikhulu yangaphandle. Omnye umntu okhweleyo, uHans Florine, umazi ngokusondeleyo u-El Capitan kunaye nawuphi na umntu, kwaye mhlawumbi uya kuhlala ekho. Nge-12 kaSeptemba, 2015, umhlali waseCalifornia wenza irekhodi lakhe lokumisa i-100th ukunyuka kweempumlo, kuzisa inani elipheleleyo lama-El Capitan anyuka aya kwi-160. Ukanti ngokukhwela konke, uFlorine, 51, uthi ufumanisa into entsha. Njengokuba sifuna ukufunda ubunjani bokwenyani buka-El Capitan, iya kuhlala ibambe into ngokwayo, isishiye ngonaphakade sifuna okungakumbi.
UJayme Moye yintatheli ye-adventure eseBoulder, eColorado. Esi sincoko sitshintshwe kwincwadi yakhe ezayo Ngeempumlo: Ukuqwalaselwa kobomi bonke kunye neYosemite's Most Iconic Climb (Izikhokelo zeFalcon), ngenxa kaSeptemba.