Ukuphaphazela rhoqo, usenokuba ukhe weva ilivo lomqhubi wenqwelomoya oye wathi ndlela-ntle kubahambi emva kokufika ngala magama: Elona candelo likhuselekileyo kuhambo lwakho ngoku liphelile. Oko ayisiyiyo nje into yokuqhayisa ngomqhubi wenqwelomoya, yinyani uninzi lwabahambi ngomoya abathatha kancinci. Ngexesha elizayo xa ukhwela iteksi ukuya kuhambo olusuka kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya ukuya kwindawo oya kuyo, cinga ngoku: Wazi ntoni ngekhabhi obubeke ezandleni zakho ubomi bakho? Igcinwe kakuhle kangakanani loo moto? Jonga ngefestile-zonke izibane zomqondiso ziyasebenza? Ngaba indlela ikwimo entle? Kuthekani ngabanye abaqhubi? Bafunde phi ukuqhuba? Banesazela esingakanani malunga nokulala ngokwaneleyo kunye nokuphepha utywala?

Ukhuseleko kukuqokelelwa kolwazi malunga nomngcipheko oguqulwe waba yinto yokusebenza, kwaye ayikho enye indlela yokuhamba eye yanda njengokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kubandakanya oko sikwaziyo malunga nokungabikho komntu noomatshini. Ngenxa yoko, isenzo sokulimaza emoyeni nge-500 mph yeekhilomitha ezintandathu ngaphezulu komhlaba akunakufane kubangele ukubhubha kwakho phantse kulo naluphi na olunye uhlobo lokuhamba. Ukusuka kwizihlalo zeenqwelomoya ukuya kwindlu yeekhabhathi ukuya kwikhosi kunye nokuphakama kwenqwelomoya, zonke izigqibo kwezokuthengisa ngenqwelomoya ziza emva kokuqwalaselwa ngononophelo lwempembelelo yayo kukhuseleko. Apha, kwimivumbo ebanzi, zezona zibaluleke kakhulu.

Uyilo lwenqwelomoya

Kule minyaka ingama-50 idlulileyo, iinqwelo-moya zorhwebo zehlabathi ziye zahlasela phantse iiyure ezili-1 zeenqwelo-moya, zibonelela umzi-mveliso ngocoselelo malunga nokugcinwa kweengxelo ngomjelo wolwazi oluzinzileyo osetyenziselwa ukuphucula rhoqo uyilo lweenqwelo moya kunye neenjini. Siya sisiba ngcono, utsho uBill Bozin, usekela-mongameli wezokhuseleko kwii-Airbus Americas, echaza ukuba lonke olu lwazi lunika iinjineli ukuqonda okuqinisekileyo kwemida yomatshini.

Kwiintsuku zakudala, ubuya kuyila iphiko eliphindwe kabini kwinto ebonwa njengeyona meko imbi kakhulu inokudibana nenqwelomoya, utshilo uBozin. Namhlanje, abavelisi bayazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwilizwe lokwenyani, elinyusa uhlengahlengiso olunokuthi lwenze umahluko wokwenene kukhuseleko endaweni yoyilo kuphela.

Itekhnoloji yeCockpit

Iinqwelomoya ezininzi zelixesha ziye zabona ulawulo lwazo lwemveli zisetyenziswa endaweni yazo. Ezi nqwelomoya, zibizwa ngokuba yi-fly-by-wire, zibandakanya i-Boeing 777 kunye ne-787, kunye ne-Airbus A330, A340 kunye ne-A380. Njengokutshintsha kweenqwelomoya ukusuka kumatshini ukuya kwikhompyuter, usuku lwendoda enoburharha etsala idyokhwe luphelile, utshilo uMissy Cummings, unjingalwazi onxulumene ne-aeronautics kunye ne-astronautics eMassachusetts Institute of Technology kunye nowayengumqhubi wenqwelomoya waseMelika. Asisafuni Chuck Yeager kwakhona. Umqhubi wenqwelomoya wangoku ungumphathi wolwazi, kwaye itekhnoloji idlala indima yemisipha kumgangatho wenqwelomoya.

Ukubeka indawo kwisethelayithi, imiboniso ehambele phambili kunye nokunxibelelana ngomnxeba kuncede inqanaba lokuchaneka kwenqwelomoya elingenakwenzeka kwiindlela zangaphambili zohambo lomoya. Ngexesha le-1950's kunye ne-1960s, iingozi ezibulalayo zenzeka malunga kube kanye kwi-200,000 yeenqwelomoya, utshilo uJulie O'Donnell, isithethi seBoeing. Namhlanje, irekhodi lokhuseleko kwihlabathi liphela ngaphezulu kwamaxesha alishumi, kunye neengozi ezibulalayo ezenzeka ngaphantsi kwesinye kwisigidi seenqwelomoya. Izixhobo ezikwi-cockpit eziqwalaselwe njengezona zinempembelelo kwezona zibalo ziphuculweyo zezilumkisa abaqhubi beenqwelo moya ngokusondela komhlaba okanye ukungqubana okunokubakho nezinye iinqwelomoya. Kodwa uya kufumana okungaphezulu kwezixhobo emva kokuphuculwa kokulinga.

Uhlobo oluthile loMqhubi wenqwelomoya

Itekhnoloji ayithathi ndawo yamava, ubuchule kunye nokugweba, uyacacisa uChesley Sully Sullenberger, owayehleli kulawulo lweAirbus A320 ezenzekelayo ngosuku yena negosa lokuqala uJeff Skiles abeka i-US Airways Flight 1549 ezantsi eNew York's Hudson River. Abantu abalikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu basinda kule nqwelo-moya, eyaziwa ngokuba nguMmangaliso kwi-Hudson — nto leyo uSullenberger athi uyenza ngexesha lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, kunye nokulungiselela, ukulindela kunye nokugxila.

Iinqwelo-moya ziyazi ukubaluleka kwabaqhubi beenqwelomoya elungileyo kunye noqeqesho olulungileyo, yiyo loo nto umgudu omkhulu kangaka usiya ekukhetheni nasekufundeni. UMatthias Kippenberg, owayengukapteni wokuqala kunye neLufthansa, uphethe iZiko loQeqeshiso lweeNqwelo moya laseLufthansa eArizona, apho uninzi lwabaqhubi beenqwelomoya abangamawaka amahlanu abaphathi baseJamani benza iinqwelomoya zabo zokuqala. Ukuqala kwi-Bonanzas ye-injini enye, abafundi bafunda ukulawula imijelo emininzi yolwazi, indlela yokulandela iindlela ezenziweyo kunye nokusebenza nabanye.

Sijonge ubuntu obuqinisekisa izakhono zonxibelelwano ezifanelekileyo, eziqinisekisa ubunkokheli obunokubakho, amandla okusebenza njengenxalenye yeqela kunye nokuthatha umngcipheko osezantsi, utshilo uKippenberg. Uyaphawula ukuba iLufthansa ikhulisa abaqhubi bayo, ihlala iqesha abagqatswa abangenamava okubhabha kuba ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya eYurophu kubiza kakhulu, kwaye bambalwa abaqhubi beenqwelomoya abafumene izakhono. Ngokwahlukileyo, abathwali baseMelika balindele ukuba abaqhubi beenqwelomoya ukuba baqokelele iiyure ezininzi kwi-nickel yabo ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo sokuba ngabaqhubi beenqwelomoya.

Abaqhubi beenqwelomoya abanokuhlala ngokwamacandelo kwaye bahlale begxile ekufuneni ngabaseMelika nangaphambili yi-TWA (eyayifunyenwe eMelika ngo-2001). UHugh Schoelzel, owayesebenza njengesekela-mongameli we-TWA lokhuseleko lweshishini, uthathe inxaxheba ekuqeshweni kwamakhulu abo. Ukuba inkosikazi ifake uqhawulo-mtshato okanye umntwana utshaye imbiza okanye unamanqaku amabi kuvavanyo lweprostate, umqhubi wenqwelomoya angakubeka ecaleni oko. Ayikuko ukuba bangakhathazeki, kodwa awungekhe ukhathazeke malunga noku ngelixa usuka ku-777. Asinguye wonke umntu onokukwenza oko, kodwa phantse bonke abaqhubi beenqwelo moya banako.

I-Cockpit emiselweyo ngokugqibeleleyo

Ukukhetha abaqhubi beenqwelomoya ekunene kubalulekile, kodwa kunjalo ke nokuqinisekisa ukuba indawo abasebenza kuyo iyayiphucula indlela abasebenza ngayo — nkqu nezona jetliner zinkulu zibhabha koonokrwece abanobunzima kunemoto ephakathi. Ulawulo lwenqwelomoya kunye nemiboniso iyadityaniswa, isetyenziselwa izinto ezininzi kwaye iyavavanywa ukuqinisekisa ukuba zibonelela ngolwazi oluyimfuneko kwinto ekulula ukuyibona, ekulula ukuyisebenza, ngokukaJulianne Fox Cummings, umqhubi wenqwelomoya kunye neenjineli zabantu ezazisebenza neBoeing on Imiboniso engama-787 ye-Dreamliner

Kukho isizathu sobungakanani, imilo, ukubekwa kunye nokubonakala kwalo lonke ulawulo, ukukhanya, iswitshi kunye nenqaku, utsho uCummings. Inqwelomoya ibhabha ubusuku nemini, ke izixhobo kufuneka zibonakale kuzo zonke iimeko zokukhanya. Ukongeza, abaqhubi beenqwelomoya kufuneka bazi ukuba benze igalelo, inkqubo iyifumene. Bafuna ukufumana ingxelo ukuba benza impazamo. Ezi zezinye zezinto ezininzi ekufuneka sizithathele ingqalelo. Iinjineli ezinendawo yokubhabha ngenqwelomoya zijonga umsebenzi wazo ngokujonga abaqhubi beenqwelo moya kwiimodeli kunye nokulinganisa ukubona ukuba ulawulo luyafikeleleka, imiboniso ebonakalayo kunye nezihlalo zikhululekile kangangexesha elide.

Ikhabhathi yabahambi

Ungathini kwicala lakho lomnyango wee-cockpit? Musa ukuhleka, kodwa inani elilinganayo lokuqwalaselwa lihlawulwa kwindawo ohlala kuyo. Inamandla okanye icinezelwe, iklasi yokuqala okanye uqoqosho, zonke izihlalo zenqwelomoya ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho enzima yokuzinza kunye nokukhuselwa kwentloko. Isihlalo senqwelo moya sanamhlanje sinokumelana namandla omxhuzulane amaxesha ali-16. Oko kukuthatha inqwelo moya ihamba kwaye ngephanyazo iyimise. Izinga lokumisa li-16gs, ucacisa uDavid Esse, injineli yovavanyo lwe-MGA Engineering eWisconsin. Kwaye ukukhuselwa kwesihlalo akupheleli apho. Amalaphu neziqhusheki ziyacima umlilo kwaye ziyacima, kwaye azizukukhupha umsi onetyhefu. Kwanezinto ozifumene esihlalweni ngasemva ziyavavanywa ukuqinisekisa ukuba azinakubulala. Ukufakwa kweendonga kwiindonga zekhabini kulibazisa umlilo, kwaye, kwimeko yomlilo, izibane ezingxamisekileyo zikufutshane nomgangatho. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ukufumana indawo yokuphuma kwindawo egcwele umsi, utshilo u-Boeing's O'Donnell.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule: Uninzi lweengozi zorhwebo lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya azibulali. (Kwiingozi ezingama-301 kwihlabathi liphela kule minyaka ili-10 idlulileyo, ingaphantsi kwekota ibandakanya ukusweleka.) Ufunde ngeenqwelomoya ezilahlekelwa ngumphakamo, utshilo uEsse. Uva malunga neenqwelomoya apho kumiswe khona umhlaba kwaye yashenxa kumgaqo wokubaleka waya kwimfumba yobumdaka. Bambalwa kakhulu abantu abazakufa kwezo ziganeko.

Ulawulo lweTrafikhi yomoya

Abaqhubi beenqwelomoya kunye neenqwelo moya zinokuba ziinkwenkwezi zomboniso kwindiza yezorhwebo, kodwa emva kwesigcawu, entsha, phantse i-Star Wars-efana nenkqubo yezithuthi zomoya eyakhiwayo apho iinqwelomoya ezikhokelwa yi-GPS ziya kubhabha iindlela ezizicwangcisileyo, zinxibelelana enye kunye nomhlaba. Oku kwahluke kakhulu kwimihla apho iimephu, iibhodi zokubhala kunye neepensile kunye nokubala kwamaphepha kwakusetyenziselwa ukukhokela iinqwelomoya. Ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-28 zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kunyaka ophelileyo, kuthatha inkqubo ephucukileyo yokuphatha ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo inani elikhulu leenqwelo-moya ezisakhulayo.

Iinqwelomoya ezininzi namhlanje zinokusebenza kwiwindow yendawo ngokuchanekileyo kangangokuba indawo yazo ethe tyaba ihlala ngaphakathi kwamaphiko, ngokuma ngokuthe nkqo ngaphantsi kobude bomsila, utshilo uKen Shapero, umlawuli wentengiso we-GE Aviation. Ukuqhagamshela kweenkqubo zebhodi kunye nasemhlabeni kudala iindlela ezinkulu esibhakabhakeni apho kungabikho mntu uphuma ngaphandle kwemizila yabo.

Ukuzenzekelayo kumisela umkhondo wenqwelomoya, kwaye ubukhulu becala, abalawuli bezithuthi zomoya bayeke ukubhabha, utshilo uSteve Fulton, owayesakuba ngumqhubi wenqwelomoya owaseka inkampani yokuhamba ngenqanawa, eyafunyanwa yi-GE Aviation ngo-2009. Indawo enzima, ukubonakala okuphantsi, Imozulu embi-iintlobo zeengozi ezinokuvala izikhululo zeenqwelomoya kunye nokuphambukisa iinqwelomoya-azisayi kuphinda zibangele isiphithiphithi. Ihlabathi elihlukileyo, utshilo uFulton.

Ulawulo lwesikhululo seenqwelomoya

Ngokubonakalayo, ukuphuculwa okunzulu kwezokhuseleko kunokubonwa ngqo kwipropathi yesikhululo seenqwelomoya. Imonitha zokujonga intshukumo zibonisa zonke izithuthi kuyo yonke indlela yeenqwelo-moya, eeteksini nakwisango lesiphelo, kwaye abalawuli bafumana izilumkiso zokungqubana okunokwenzeka. Ikhuselekile ngoku kunangaphambili, utshilo uDale Wright, inkosi yezokhuseleko yoMbutho wabaLawuli beeNdlela zeSizwe. Iyanciphisa umngcipheko, kwaye yile nto yonke.

Imali kumgca

Ngo-2008, ifuthe loqoqosho lweenqwelomoya kwezorhwebo laqikelelwa kwi- $ 3.56 trillion. Oku kubonakalisa iinkampani ezibandakanyeka ngokuthe ngqo kwindiza yezorhwebo kunye nabo basebenzayo ukusebenzisa inkqubela phambili yakutshanje kwisayensi nakwinjineli ukunceda ishishini lifezekise amanqanaba aphezulu okhuseleko. Ngokucacileyo, okuninzi kukukhwela ukukwenza ngokuchanekileyo. Ke kwixesha elizayo ukapteni xa ekwamkela ngaphakathi, ungahlala phantsi, uphumle kwaye wonwabele uhambo lwakho, usazi ukuba elona candelo likhuselekileyo lohambo lwakho sele liqalisile.