Inqwelomoya wenqwelomoya wenqwelomoya iJet Age uPan Am akadingi kwaziswa, kodwa abantu abaphambili abaxhasa impumelelo yabo bebengaziwa kangako-kude kube ngoku. Incwadi entsha ngumlobi-ntatheli uJulia Cooke, Yiza ukubhabha kwihlabathi liphela: Ibali le-Jet-Age yabasetyhini basePan Am (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt), uphonononga imbali yenqwelomoya eyaziwayo ngamabali abasetyhini abaninzi abenza ukuba inqwelomoya ibe yimpumelelo kwiminyaka yayo yama-1960.
Pan Amigosa Ityala: I-Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Aba magosa - njengoko babesaziwa njalo ngelo xesha - bevela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kodwa babelana ngomdla wokubona umhlaba kunye nokuzenzela ikamva labo. Ngomsebenzi wabo, aba bantu babecinga ngaphambili babesiza namangqina exesha lezidubedube zase-United States nakwihlabathi liphela, njengoko iMbutho yamaLungelo oLuntu yafumana amandla kunye nemfazwe eVietnam. Abanye babekhona nokuba bekhona Umsebenzi waseBabillift , ngethuba ii-jet zePan Am zazirhola amawaka abantwana eSaigon ngo-1975, nakwinqwelo-moya engena nangaphandle kwemimandla esebenzayo ngexesha lomlo.
Ukubalisa ibali, uCooke udibanisa udliwanondlebe, amaxwebhu, kunye neakhawunti yeendaba ukuze achaze ngamava amagosa anje ngoHazel Bowie, ongomnye wabasebenza ngenqwelomoya e-Pan Am & apos, kunye noClare Christiansen, abaphuma kwinkonzo yakhe yeekhabhathi. isikhundla kulawulo lwendibaniselwano. Abanye abaphathi baya ku-post-Pan Am ikhondo lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya-okanye babe ngoonozakuzaku, amatshantliziyo ezopolitiko, abahloli okanye ababhali.
Umyaleli wenqwelomoya ochaza iiDials kunye nemiboniso yoqeqesho kumqhubi wenqwelomoya Ityala: Imifanekiso kaGetty
Incwadi ifika ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kuba abahambi abaninzi baceba iinqwelo-moya zabo zokuqala emva kogonyo kwaye baqala ukucinga kwakhona malunga nokumangalisa kohambo lwamazwe aphesheya. Kwaye ngelixa abasetyhini behleli bengenazikhundla zininzi zabaqhubi beenqwelomoya, ekugqibeleni iiapos ziqala ukutshintsha umbulelo kwimizamo yecandelo lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya ukwandisa amathuba kuye nakubani na ocinga ngomsebenzi esibhakabhakeni.
'Yiza ubaleke kwihlabathi' ubugcisa beqweqwe Ityala: Ubugcisa beqweqwe nguJessica Handelman, ngoncedo lukaHoughton Mifflin Harcourt
Apha, umbhali uJulia Cooke wabelana ngakumbi ngencwadi yakhe yamva nje, Yiza ubaleke kwihlabathi, kudliwanondlebe nge-imeyile kunye Ukuhamba + Ukuzonwabisa .
Iindawo ezinika umdla + Ngoobani ababengabona bahambi-moya babekhe banethuba lokudibana nabo ngelixa ubhala incwadi?
UJulia Cooke: UTori Werner, uLynne Totten, uKaren Walker, uBuyie, kunye noChristianen - abona bantu basetyhini kule ncwadi - ngabasetyhini abamangalisayo. Bonke babenotyekelo olufanayo lokuziphosa kumathuba omsebenzi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: ukuthatha uhambo olunobukrwada, okanye ukugxotha ukunyuselwa, okanye ukuvolontiya kwitshati eyingozi yaseVietnam. Okanye, uyazi, ngokukhwela kwisikwere esise-Tahiti okanye wenze itheko elimangalisayo eMonrovia - nje ngolwesiBini okanye ngolwesiHlanu ebomini babo. '
Konke okuthethileyo, ngaba kungalula kakhulu ukubiza iPan Am yinqwelomoya yabasetyhini?
Andizukutsho ukuba nayiphi na inqwelomoya yeJet Age yayingumfazi, kodwa imisebenzi abayenzayo yanika amandla uninzi lwabasetyhini. Amagosa kuzo zonke iinqwelo-moya aye athatha [imisebenzi] eyayichasa elubala abantu ababhinqileyo kwaye bayisebenzisa [ukubaphembelela] kulindelo lwentlalo oludlulileyo lokuba bazinze kwangoko emva kwesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo okanye kwikholeji okanye ukuba basebenze kwindima eyamkelekileyo yabasetyhini njengotitshala okanye unobhala. Kwaye phakathi kwamaqashiso abo, iPan Am yayingoyena mbi kakhulu ngokubhekisele ekulaliseni abantu basetyhini. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s nasekuqaleni & 70s, ezinye iinqwelomoya ezininzi zacela amagosa azo ukuba anxibe iblukhwe eshushu, i-minidresses, okanye izikhonkwane ezithi & Ndixhase, & ampos; kodwa iiyunifomu zePan Am & apos zihlala ziqeqeshiwe, kuba ziya kubhabha ziye kumazwe aneemvelaphi ezahlukileyo zenkcubeko ezijikeleze ilokhwe yabasetyhini kunye neapos. [Pan Am] bayili abayili be-couture kodwa bagcina ii-hemlines zihloniphekile. '
Zeziphi iindlela, ukuba zikhona, athe uPan Am wabuphucula ngokuthe ngqo ubomi kunye nemisebenzi yabantu bebala?
'Njengazo zonke iinqwelo-moya zelo xesha, uPan Am waqala ngokuqesha abantu ababhinqileyo abebebala xa bebaninzi xa benyanzelwa [ukuba benze njalo yi-US Equal Employment Commission Commission] emva kowe-1965. Kodwa ukusebenza kwinkampani yeenqwelo moya yamazwe aphesheya kwabeka abafazi abambalwa umbala ababhabhe emva ngelo xesha kwiimeko ezibachaphazele kakhulu. Uninzi lwabafazi endandenze udliwanondlebe nabo ngalo msebenzi ndibatyhalela ukuba bafune amathuba emisebenzi kwaye bawagxothe amava abengenakuba nawo. U-Bowie wayenamava amnandi kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya nokuphindaphinda ukutyelela kwi-Cold War eMoscow xa bambalwa e-US babenesibindi sokundwendwela iSoviet Union. Wayehamba ngenqwelomoya iminyaka engama-40 kwaye wazuza ubukhulu obukhulu. Elinye ibhinqa, u-Alice Dear, owathi kamva wonyulwa waba ngumlawuli olawulayo we-African Development Bank kwiminyaka yoo-1990, wandixelela ngokucacileyo ukuba uPan Am, hayi i-MBA yakhe, wayeyiloo nto & ampos; ngenene wenza umahluko & apos; kwikhondo lomsebenzi wakhe. '
Ngaba ungathetha ngakumbi malunga nendima yePan Am & apos; kwimfazwe yaseVietnam?
IPan Am, kunye nenqwelomoya yezinye iinqwelomoya zase-U.S, zanikwa ikhontrakthi ngurhulumente ukuba abhabhe umkhosi ukuya nokubuya eVietnam ekuqaleni kwemfazwe phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1960. Ikwaseke inkqubo yeR & R: amajoni aphaphazelayo avela kwiziseko zomkhosi ezahlukeneyo iintsuku ezintlanu zekhefu kwaye ebuyela emfazweni. Kwaye inqwelomoya yayineenqwelo moya eziphindwe kabini-ngeveki ukuya eSaigon, ezazisetyenziswa ziikontraki ezininzi elizweni. Yayingumzamo omkhulu- ngaxa lithile ngeminyaka yoo-1960, iVietnam yayiyeyona nqwelo moya inkulu kwaye isebenza kakhulu. Oko kwakuthetha ukuba iitoni zabasetyhini yayingamajoni aphaphazelayo kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwendawo esebenzayo yemfazwe, nazo zonke iingozi ezibandakanya. '
Kutheni ucinga ukuba abahambi bahlala bonwabile yiPan Am?
Kukho iimpendulo ezimbalwa kulo mbuzo. Inye, ubume bamazwe aphesheya babukhazimla: ngalo lonke ixesha nabani na ebeka inqwelomoya kwiPan Am moya, & ampos; d ukuba bajike kwilizwe langaphandle. Okwesibini, uphawu lwalulinywa ngobunkunkqele kakhulu: IPan Am yayinxulunyaniswa nexesha kunye nabaphuhlisi bezakhiwo kunye nabayili - uWalter Gropius, uNeal Prince, uDon Loper, u-Edith Head - nosaziwayo kunye nabezopolitiko nabasebukhosini ababebhabha, kunye nobukrelekrele bayo, Amagosa amahle, angabonakaliyo. Kwaye ezintathu, iPan Am yabhabha imikhosi kwihlabathi liphela kwiimbambano ezahluka-hlukeneyo zehlabathi, yahambisa amajoni egoduka evela kukhenketho olubi lomsebenzi, kwaye yazisa uninzi lweembacu kunye nabafuduki- abavela kumazantsi mpuma eAsia, indawo eyayisakuba yiUSSR, kunye neminye imimandla - okokuqala amakhaya abo amatsha eUnited States.
Kwamanye amagqala, iimbacu, abaphambukeli kunye nabanye abaneemvelaphi zamanye amazwe, iPan Am yaba luphawu olunamandla lwenkululeko kunye notshintsho. Yongeza yonke into kwaye iyindawo yokuhamba ngenqwelomoya ekunyamezeleni ukuba abantu abadumileyo babambe amatheko okuzalwa kwinqwelomoya engayi ndawo. Yeyiphi, ukunyaniseka, ayisivakali njengephambene namhlanje njengoko kusenokwenzeka kunyaka ophelileyo! '